Serums are the workhorses of any skincare routine—concentrated formulas designed to deliver high doses of active ingredients directly to your skin. But not every active is right for every concern. Here’s a breakdown of what actually works and for whom.

Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) — The All-Rounder

Niacinamide is arguably the most versatile skincare active available. At 2–5% concentration it:

Reduces appearance of enlarged pores
Controls sebum production in oily skin
Fades post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (especially relevant for Indian skin tones)
Strengthens the skin barrier
Has anti-inflammatory properties

Best for: Oily, acne-prone skin; hyperpigmentation; beginners to actives

Safe to layer with: Hyaluronic acid, SPF, retinol (avoid mixing directly with Vitamin C)

Hyaluronic Acid — The Hydration Hero

Despite the word “acid,” hyaluronic acid (HA) is a humectant—it attracts water from the environment into the skin. One molecule of HA can hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water.

Key nuance: apply HA to damp skin and seal immediately with a moisturiser. In dry climates it can draw moisture out of the skin if not locked in.

Best for: All skin types; dehydrated skin; post-active recovery

Molecular weight matters: Low molecular weight HA penetrates deeper; high molecular weight provides surface-level plumping

Vitamin C — The Glow Ingredient

L-ascorbic acid (pure vitamin C) is the gold standard for brightening. It inhibits melanin synthesis, making it directly effective for uneven skin tone and sun damage—common concerns for South Asian skin.

The challenge: Vitamin C is unstable and oxidises quickly. Look for formulations with a stabiliser like vitamin E and ferulic acid (the classic CE Ferulic combination). Store in a cool, dark place.

Best for: Dull skin, hyperpigmentation, early signs of sun damage

Use in: Morning routine only; always follow with SPF

Alpha Arbutin — Targeted Brightening

Alpha arbutin converts to hydroquinone in the skin at a slow, controlled rate—delivering brightening benefits without the irritation of prescription-strength ingredients. It’s particularly effective for PIH, which is disproportionately common in melanin-rich skin.

Best for: Stubborn dark spots; post-acne marks; uneven skintone

Use at: 2% for daily use; combine with niacinamide for enhanced effect

Retinol — The Anti-Ageing Standard

Retinol accelerates cell turnover, stimulates collagen production, and unclogs pores. It’s one of the few ingredients with robust clinical evidence. The trade-off: a 2–4 week adjustment period of potential redness and flaking (the “retinol uglies”).

Start at: 0.025% or 0.05% and build up slowly. Use only at night and always with SPF the next morning.

Not for: Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals; actively irritated or sensitised skin

Peptides — The Long Game

Peptides are amino acid chains that signal the skin to produce more collagen. They work subtly over months rather than weeks—but they’re excellent for long-term skin health, especially from mid-20s onwards.